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True self and false self are concepts introduced into psychoanalysis in 1960 by D. W. Winnicott. Winnicott used "True Self" to describe a sense of self based on spontaneous authentic experience, and a feeling of being alive, having a "real self".〔Salman Akhtar, ''Good Feelings'' (London 2009) p. 128〕 "False Self" by contrast Winnicott saw as a defensive facade〔 — one which in extreme cases could leave its holders lacking spontaneity and feeling dead and empty, behind a mere appearance of being real.〔 ==Characteristics== Winnicott saw the True Self as rooted from early infancy in the experience of being alive, including blood pumping and lungs breathing – what Winnicott called simply being.〔Mary Jacobus, ''The Poetics of Psychoanalysis'' (Oxford 2005) p. 160〕 Out of this the baby creates the experience of a sense of reality, a sense that life is worth living. The baby's spontaneous, nonverbal gestures derive from that instinctual sense,〔D. W. Winnicott, "Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self ', in ''The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment'' (London 1965) p. 121〕 and if responded to by the motherer, become the basis for the continuing development of the True Self. However, when what Winnicott was careful to describe as good enough parenting — i.e. not necessarily perfect!〔Simon Grolnick, ''The Work & Play of Winnicott'' (New Jersey: Aronson 1990) p. 44〕 — was ''not'' in place, the infant's spontaneity was in danger of being encroached on by the need for compliance with the parents' wishes/expectations.〔Rosalind Minsky, ''Psychoanalysis and Gender'' (London 1996) p. 118〕 The result for Winnicott could be the creation of what he called the False Self, where “Other people's expectations can become of overriding importance, overlaying or contradicting the original sense of self, the one connected to the very roots of one's being”.〔Winnicott, quoted in Josephine Klein, ''Our Need for Others'' (London 1994) p. 241〕 The danger he saw was that “through this False Self, the infant builds up a false set of relationships, and by means of introjections even attains a show of being real”,〔Winnicott, quoted in Josephine Klein, ''Our Need for Others'' (London 1994) p. 365〕 while in fact merely concealing a barren emptiness behind an independent-seeming facade.〔Rosalind Minsky, ''Psychoanalysis and Gender'' (London 1996) p. 119-20〕 The danger was particularly acute where the baby had to provide attunement for the mother/parents, rather than vice versa, building up a sort of dissociated recognition of the object on an impersonal, not personal and spontaneous basis.〔Adam Phillips, ''On Kissing, Tickling and Being Bored'' (London 1994) p. 30-1〕 But while such a pathological False Self stifled the spontaneous gestures of the True Self in favour of a lifeless imitation, Winnicott nevertheless considered it of vital importance in preventing something worse: the annihilating experience of the exploitation of the hidden True Self itself.〔Mary Jacobus, ''The Poetics of Psychoanalysis'' (Oxford 2005) p. 160〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「true self and false self」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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